About Italy
Italy, a boot-shaped peninsula jutting into the Mediterranean Sea, is synonymous with art, history, and the good life (la dolce vita). As the birthplace of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance, it holds more UNESCO World Heritage sites than any other country in the world. Its geography is defined by the rugged spine of the Apennine Mountains and the majestic Alps in the north, creating a landscape that varies from the rolling hills of Tuscany to the dramatic coastlines of Amalfi and Cinque Terre.
The country's cities are open-air museums. Rome, the "Eternal City," showcases millennia of power from the Colosseum to the Vatican. Venice floats on its lagoon with ethereal beauty, while Florence holds the masterpieces of Michelangelo and da Vinci. Milan drives global fashion and finance, contrasting with the chaotic, vibrant energy of Naples in the south. Italian cuisine, with its regional diversity of pasta, pizza, wine, and gelato, is arguably the most beloved food culture globally.
Modern Italy is a founding member of the European Union and a leader in luxury goods, automotive design, and tourism. Despite its modernization, deep-seated traditions remain, visible in the vibrant local festivals, the importance of family, and the daily ritual of the evening passeggiata. From the active volcanoes of Sicily to the serene lakes of the north, Italy captivates with its passionate embrace of beauty and history.
Italy unified as a single kingdom only on 17 March 1861, and Rome joined the young country in 1870 after the Kingdom of Piedmont troops breached the Aurelian Walls at Porta Pia. The peninsula had spent 1,400 previous years divided among dozens of city-states, papal territories and foreign occupiers, which is why regional dialects remain so strong that a 2015 ISTAT survey found 45 per cent of Italians still speak a local vernacular alongside standard Italian at home. The country abolished its monarchy by a narrow referendum in June 1946—54 per cent voted republic against 46 per cent for the king—after which Umberto II left permanently for exile in Portugal, becoming known as "the King of May" for his 34-day reign. Male members of the deposed royal House of Savoy were banned from entering Italy until a 2002 constitutional amendment finally lifted the restriction.